Десоциализация это в психологии: Десоциализация личности детей, подростков — причины, примеры

Рождаясь в обществе, человек вынужден приучаться к его законам, правилам и нормам. Все этому способствуют школы, детские сады, воспитание родителей. Социализация осуществляется постепенно, начиная с детского возраста. Однако в некоторых случаях может случиться обратный процесс – десоциализация, когда личности детей или подростков теряют социально приемлемые навыки. Какие причины этому способствуют?

Каждый человек вынужден знать, по каким правилам существует общество. Если человек желает иметь друзей, строить любовные отношения, получать работу и заработную плату, пользоваться уважением и иметь авторитет, то ему, в первую очередь, необходимо стать социальной личностью. Социализация – это обучение человека социальным нормам и правилам, которых он должен придерживаться, чтобы вписаться в то общество, в котором он проживает.

В каждом обществе имеются свои законы. Многое зависит от культурных традиций народа, а также времени. В любом случае каждому члену общества следует вписываться в него, независимо от его установок и правил. Успешная социализация предполагает, что человек идеально вписывается своей жизнью в порядки, установленные в обществе. Десоциализация предполагает утрату навыков и знаний, которые могли бы помочь человеку успешно контактировать с окружающими.

Интернет-журнал psytheater.com находит лишь один выход из сложившейся ситуации – ресоциализацию. Это методика возврата человека к социальной жизни.

Что такое десоциализация?

Десоциализацией называется утрата человеком социальных навыков жизнедеятельности и реализации себя в обществе. Десоциализация так и переводится, как «отсутствие социализации» — это когда человек перестает по каким-то причинам придерживаться норм, правил, рамок и прочих направлений, установленных в обществе. Обычно причина кроется в сознательном отказе индивида от соблюдения общественных ценностей.

Различают несколько степеней десоциализации, начиная от легкой дезориентации в среде до полной утраты возможности жить в обществе. Сильная десоциализация сопровождается отсутствием возможности человека восстановить утраченные навыки. Обычно она развивается в экстремальных ситуациях, например, в концлагерях, психиатрических лечебницах, психоневрологическом интернате, колониях и тюрьмах. Отвыкнуть от социальной жизни могут и лица, проходившие военную службу.

Люди, пребывающие долгое время в ситуации боевых действий, должны адаптироваться к совершенно иным условиям, которые царят среди мирных граждан. Война и спокойная цивилизованная жизнь – это разные среды, требующие своего понимания событий, генерации и выплеска эмоций, привычек и автоматичных действий. Как человеку приходилось привыкать к военной обстановке, чтобы выжить, так же необходимо возвращать свои социальные навыки в мирной среде.

Бывшие военные могут стать опасными для мирных граждан.

• Во-первых, социальные навыки. На войне человек должен подчиняться, отдавать ответственность и принятие решений лидерам. В состоянии обычной и спокойной жизни он несет ответственность сам за себя, часто пребывает в одиночном состоянии, отделен от толпы, а также принимает решения и единолично справляется с последствиями.
• Во-вторых, навыки выживания. В боевой ситуации человек должен убивать, применять физическую силу, быть агрессивным и хладнокровным на уровне эмоций. Данные умения в обычных условиях абсолютно не приветствуются. Если бывший военный не перестроится, тогда вскоре может стать преступником. За любое физическое насилие и убийство простых жителей наказывают лишением свободы. То, что приветствуется на войне, несет однозначное наказание в мирной обстановке.
• В-третьих, психологические расстройства. Посттравматический синдром (прокручивание в памяти травмирующего события), психогенную амнезию (неспособность вспомнить психотравмирующее событие) и желание избежать неприятных ситуаций, вызывающих болевые ощущения, еще никто не отменял. Оказавшиеся не по своей воле на войне люди или добровольцы, не справившиеся со стрессовой ситуацией, где необходимо убивать, подчиняться, быть аморальными, нередко страдают душевными и психическими расстройствами. Возвращение домой и неспособность приспособиться к новым условиям приводят к тому, что отслужившие либо становятся больными, либо неспособными устанавливать контакты с окружающими.

В среде мирного населения действуют совершенно иные правила жизни и поведения. На войне приемлемо насилие и агрессия, что жестоко карается на «гражданке». В среде цивилизованной и спокойной жизни используются моральные и этические принципы, которые абсолютно неприемлемы в обстановке боевых действий. Таким образом, бывшие военные нуждаются в квалифицированной психологической помощи, направленной на перестройку психики и эмоционального состояния. Если человек не может справиться собственными силами, постепенно привыкая к спокойному положению, тогда психологическая помощь становится просто необходимой.

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Десоциализация личности

Социализация личности происходит на различных уровнях. Сначала ребенок проходит первичную социализацию – это когда он пребывает в малой группе людей, где царят свои законы и правила. Первичная социализация осуществляется в семье (родители и родственники), в детских садах (воспитатели и другие дети), школе (учителя) и пр. По мере своего взросления ребенок попадает во вторичные условия своей социализации, когда он начинает контактировать со структурами, организациями, целым социумом и государством.

Десоциализация предполагает обратный процесс, когда человек начинает терять свои социальные навыки. Это может происходить как в детском возрасте, так и во взрослом. Если десоциализация происходит у взрослого человека, то речь скорее идет о разрыве связей с обществом и государством в целом и сохранении контактов с отдельными группами людей и лицами.

Степень десоциализации зависит от того, в какой среде человек оказывается, насколько сильно окружение влияет на психику индивида и меняет ее. Существует такая поговорка: «Век живи – век учись». Здесь говорится о том, что человеку постоянно приходится переобучаться, поскольку его жизнь не является статической:

1. Меняется место жительства.
2. Меняются интересы.
3. Меняется круг общения и друзья.
4. Уходят одни люди, приходят другие.
5. Меняется работа и вид деятельности.
6. Корректируются или меняются убеждения и взгляды.

Мир постоянно меняется, как и жизнь самого человека, который сначала взрослеет, а потом уже сам влияет на те изменения, которые происходят в его жизни. Даже создание семье уже значительным образом меняет образ жизни и взгляды индивида.

Человек постоянно должен переобучаться, то есть приспосабливаться к новым условиям, в которые он попал. Это является процессом социализации, или адаптации. Однако бывают такие среды, в которых человек словно деградирует, десоциализируется: концлагеря, тюрьмы, психиатрические лечебницы, затворнический образ жизни и пр. В такой ситуации человек тоже меняется, однако не в сторону социализации. Оказываясь в обществе мирных граждан, он не способен с ними контактировать.

Ресоциализация как раз и направлена на то, чтобы человека обучить правилам и нормам, показать нечто новое и приспособить к этому.

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Почему возникает десоциализация?

У десоциализации есть множество причин для возникновения:

• Длительный отпуск, когда человек отвыкает от рабочей обстановки.
• Хронические болезни, когда человек занят своим выздоровлением, а не социальной жизнью.
• Новые технологии (компьютеры, телефоны, интернет и пр.), которые лишают человека необходимости реально общаться с людьми, быть грамотными, культурными, управлять своими эмоциями, отвечать за свои поступки и т. д.
• Неправильное воспитание родителей. Например, мама и папа чрезмерно опекают ребенка, ограждают его от обязанностей, не побуждают достигать целей, во всем ему потакают и пр. В такой ситуации вырастает инфантильный и несамостоятельный человек.
• Субкультура, в которой подросток пребывает. Это его друзья, с которыми он постоянно проводит время. Какие правила бытуют в их группе? Во что они верят? Как смотрят на мир? К чему стремятся и о чем мечтают? Все это может способствовать как социализации, так и десоциализации.
• Отсутствие контактов с социальными институтами (детские сады, школы, высшие учебные заведения и пр.), где индивид вынужден приобщаться к нормам, порядку, подчинению определенным правилам. Если человек не умеет подчиняться, тогда он находит такую среду (компанию), которая ведет свободный (антисоциальный) образ жизни. Здесь происходит социализация, но со знаком «минус» (десоциализация), когда человек обучается противоправным, деструктивным моделям поведения.
• Наркотики и алкоголь.

Причины могут быть как благоприятными, сознательными, так и вынужденными. К примеру, человек может уйти  монастырь или жить на природе, что не приводит его к аморальности, однако он теряет некоторые социальные связи. Вынужденные причины могут заставить человека оградиться от общества (например, болезни, травмы, физические недостатки или сильнейший стресс). В такой ситуации человек не способен выдержать давление внешних обстоятельств и просто бежит от них.

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Десоциализация детей

Первая социализация происходит в семье. Родители вкладывают в детей те социальные нормы, которых придерживаются сами. Поскольку государство не контролирует данный процесс, все более распространенными становятся детская наркомания и алкоголизм, преступность и раннее вступление в половые связи. Это указывает на то, что родители занимаются недостаточным или неправильным воспитанием детей.

Десоциализированными дети становятся в неблагополучных семьях – это:

1. Педагогически некомпетентная.
2. Аморальная.
3. Конфликтная.
4. Асоциальная.

Пребывая в нечеловеческих условиях, ребенок начинает впитывать «моральность» данной среды. Он не делит ее на хорошее и плохое, а воспринимает ее как приемлемое. Поскольку ребенок беззащитен перед своими родителями, он становится жертвой их издевательств. Насилие, отчужденность родителей, непонимание детей, отсутствие общего досуга, аморальное поведение взрослых, гиперопека и прочие факторы в семье приводят к десоциализации ребенка.

Общее, что объединяет все типы неблагополучных семей, — это десоциализация самих родителей. Если родители не приспособлены к социальной жизни, то они не могут воспитать здоровых членов общества.

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Итог десоциализации

Если человек теряет социальные навыки, то он утрачивает многочисленные возможности достичь желаемого, что может дать общество. Уважение, деньги, власть, любовь, радость общения и прочие блага являются социальными подарками, которые получают социализированные люди. Десоциальные личности лишаются возможности достичь подобных привилегий.

Чаще всего жизнь десоциальных людей разворачивается по одному из сценариев:

1. Пристрастие к алкоголю или наркотикам.
2. Ведение преступного образа жизни.
3. Бродяжничество, когда человек становится бомжом.
4. Одиночество, затворничество.
5. Психические заболевания.

Чтобы обратить процесс десоциализации, следует прибегнуть к ресоциализации – методам воспитания у себя социальных навыков. Это заключается в устранении причины десоциализации, обретении круга друзей и знакомых, социально приспособленных, обретении интересов, постановки целей и их достижения, ведении трудовой деятельности, приемлемой в обществе, соблюдении закона и морали и т. д.

Десоциализация и ресоциализация

В современной научной литературе широко функционируют понятия десоциализации, ресоциализации, непосредственно связанные с процессом социализации. Вместе с тем, следует отметить, что разные исследователи вкладывают в данные термины различное содержание, единое понимание категорий отсутствует, что существенно затрудняет процессы изучения указанных процессов.

Подходы к пониманию социализации

Определение 1

Под социализацией в наиболее общем виде пониманию процесс усвоения личностью социального опыта, его последующего преобразования в личностные ценности, интенции, поведенческие модели, ориентации.

Указанный процесс является двусторонним, носит ярко выраженный субъект-субъектный характер, при его реализации отмечается взаимное влияние общества на личность и личности на социум.

Протекание социализации зависит от многочисленных экономических, политических, социальных, исторических, культурных, технологических факторов.

В общем виде выделяют два основных периода социализации:

• первичная, которая начинается с момента рождения ребенка и заканчивается к 18 годам, во время которой индивид становится личностью, активным членом общества;
• вторичная, которая длится на протяжении всей остальной жизни личности.

Готовые работы на аналогичную тему

Социализация, таким образом, представляет собой непрерывный, перманентный, социальный процесс.

Ресоциализация как социальный феномен

В структуре социализации отдельно выделяют ресоциализацию, которая характерна только для второго периода жизни личности, осуществляется исключительно у взрослых.

Определение 2

По своей сути ресоциализация представляет собой возобновление процесса социализации в новых условиях, под воздействием новых факторов.

Различают осознанную и неосознанную ресоциализацию.

Выделяют три основных ситуации, которые «запускают» процессы ресоциализации:

1. Попадание личности в «карцерные» учреждения (тюрьмы, клиники для душевнобольных, военные училища, медицинские учреждения, любые институты, в которых индивидуум содержится изолированно от социального окружения).
2. Обстоятельства крайнего напряжения, стресса: антропогенные, природные катастрофы, болезни, смерть и пр.;
3. Смена социальных ролей.

Другими словами, ресоциализация инициируется в ситуации, когда у личности возникает потребность в адаптации к новым, изменившимся условиям социально-природной окружающей среды.

Выделяют следующие виды ресоциализации:

• базовая, при которой меняются базовые ценности личности;
• адаптационная, при которой изменяются лишь те ценности, которые позволяют легче пройти процесс адаптации;
• идентификационная – смена базовых ценностей в результате приобретения новой идентификации;
• поверхностная, при которой меняются неосновополагающие ценности.

Десоциализация как социальный феномен

В отличие от ресоциализации, десоциализация представляет собой процесс социализации с обратным знаком.

Определение 3

Десоциализация – процесс деградации, распада личности, при котором социализация индивидуума становится фрагментарной, приобретает антисоциальную, асоциальную направленность.

В результате десоциализации прежде социализированная личность частично или полностью возвращается к доличностной форме, утрачивает отдельные личностные качества. В свою очередь, деформация личности может стать причиной исключения индивидуума из общества.

Причиной десоциализации могут стать серьезные заболевания, утрата прежнего социального окружения и пр. Указанный процесс запускается теми же факторами, что и процесс ресоциализации, однако, результаты – кардинально противоположные.

Замечание 1

Таким образом, ресоциализация и десоциализация выступают кардинально противоположными процессами. В результате ресоциализации личность приобретает новые личностные качества, обеспечивающие успешность адаптации к новым условиям; следствием десоциализации выступает распад личности, ее исключение из общества.

90000 Essay on Socialization 90001 90002 90003 Essay on Socialization! 90004 90005 90002 Socialization is the process through which the individual learns to become an accepted member of the society. At birth the neonate is neither social nor unsocial. Because of this helplessness at birth he has to depend on other social beings for his care and welfare. As he grows in a social environment and in a social context, he develops various types of behaviour which are called social and gradually grows to become a social animal.90005 90002 The interaction of the baby with his environment and particularly mother helps him in the above process. Thus the learning to adopt to the social norms, values ​​and standards is called socialization. 90005 90002 The human organism is a byproduct of the society and social force. The manner in which the human child learns to become an accepted member of the society is called the socialization process. Anyone who does not accept or follow the dos and donots, rules and regulations, values ​​and norms of the society is not called a socialised individual.90005 90002 The socialization of the child takes place through action and reaction between the child and other individual members of the society. The child begins interaction with his mother first, then with his father and subsequently with other members of the family. 90005 90002 The process of socialization is quite complex. It involves the multiplicity of processes as it involves the multiplicity of social norms. It involves the various roles which the individual has to play in order to fulfil the expectations of the society.Not only the parental influence, and the influence of other adults but also the neighbourhood is of tremendous value in the socialization of the child. 90005 90002 Through the process of socialization the various values, codes, norms and mores of the society become a part of his personality, part of his personal values. When he accepts these willingly rather than as a matter of compulsion he is said to be socialized. The child’s behaviour is modified and remodified to conform to the expectations held by the members of the groups of which he is a member.90005 90002 During the first three four years and before attending school the child is trained to meet the expectations of family members. 90005 90002 They teach him to follow the socially accepted behavioural patterns which are considered as good and reject unacceptable behavioural patterns which are considered as bad. But when he is admitted to a preschool or a nursery school or a primary school, he is also influenced by teachers and friends. 90005 90002 The child learns to adjust with a wider world of school teachers, class mates and play mates and a host of other persons.He learns the social norms, how to behave with the teachers and show respect to them, how to deal with the class mates. In this way as he grows and grows and reaches adulthood he comes across varied agents of socialization who mould his personality in the manner the society wants. 90005 90002 Not only the parental influence and the influence of the other adults also the neighbourhood is of tremendous value in the socialization of the child. Besides the effects of books, radio, TV and motion pictures are of tremendous value for the moral and social development of the child.90005 90002 The child is socialized on the basis of his past and present experiences. Thus family, neighbourhood peers, playmates and classmates etc. mould the personality of the child according to the pattern of the society. Fundamentally socialization is possible through affiliation. 90005 90002 The early helplessness of the baby makes him dependent upon others. So he has to affiliate himself with others for his living. Love, comfort, respect, power, achievement and other secondary needs can not be satisfied in isolation.Hence the child acquires many needs through social and affiliation learning which leads to socialization. 90005 90002 90031 Major Features of the Process of Socialization 90032 90031: 90032 90005 90002 The process of socialization is a continuous one. It continues from birth till death. Results of various experimental studies, observations of children in day-to-day life, interviews with parents, studies in different cultures taken together point out the major aspects of the process of socialization.90005 90002 The dependency of the new born infant, the need for affiliation, the role of the reference group, the need for education and therefore admission to school, the effect of reward and punishment imposed by the parents, school and the society, delay in fulfilment of needs, desires and wishes, identification with the loved ones all have their respective roles in the socialization of the human infant. 90005 90002 The infant’s dependence upon the mother for food, care and nursing provides the essential condition for socialization of personality.But the help of reinforcement certain responses of the child are rewarded and certain other responses are not rewarded. Sometimes, the child is punished for not following the dos of the society. In this manner the dependent and helpless child is taught to be a member of the society. 90005 90002 The child also learns many values ​​and traditions through imitation and incidental learning since parents do not always teach like a teacher. When a child sees that his mother is lying at the feet of God or Goddess he also does the same.When a child sees his mother showing her respect to a senior person by bowing her head she also learns to do the same. 90005 90002 Sears (1957) is of opinion that through dependence the process of identification develops. The desire to identify occurs when the child is given food and love and such reinforcements are periodically withdrawn so that the child will be rewarded by reproducing the mother’s behaviours. 90005 90002 The child also depends upon his parents and close family members for various informations about his surrounding and about the world at large.He also needs their help to clarify certain matters and to fulfil his curiosity. For this he has to obey them and follow what they say. 90005 90002 The need for affiliation also develops out of dependency. The desire to remain with others and be happy when one is in a group is an outcome of the helplessness of the child during early period. The desire to remain with others throughout one’s life has a direct link with the process of socialization. 90005 90002 Schachter (1959) found that isolation produces fear and affiliation reduces fear.Thus he concluded that persons with higher fear would affiliate more than those with low fears as through affiliation man tries to reduce his emotion of fear. 90005 90002 When a child grows up his socialization process is subject to the influence of outside agents of the society like the play group, teachers and peers. Now he becomes a member of several groups and clubs. Those groups which strongly influence the child are called the reference groups. The individual evaluates himself through the reference groups which serves as the standard for him.90005 90002 New Comb (1943) while finding out the changes in the attitude of students that accompanied socialisation in a college observed the important role of reference group on socialisation. Sherif and Sherif (1964) also observe that like the family group, the reference groups influence the conduct of the individual. 90005 90002 The reference group serves as a norm, standard or model for the individual. The growing children and adolescents become a member of many groups and are influenced by the action, model ideal and values ​​of such groups.A reference group serves as a standard for evaluation. 90005 90002 Out of the socialisation process the ‘self’ develops. The individual then learns to perceive himself and his self concept affects his social behaviour. A person perceives himself from three aspects i.e. from the cognitive, effective and behavioural components. His self concept becomes ultimately a source of motivation to him. The self concept develops out of the interaction of the individual with others. 90005 90002 When others say some one beautiful, sincere and intelligent, he develops a positive self concept and when people start saying negative things about one’s action and behaviour, he develops a negative self concept.A person who becomes regularly unsuccessful in examination perceives himself as academically poor. Thus the self concept develops through the process of social interaction and socialization. 90005 90002 When others say that he is an excellent boy he perceives himself as such and tries to repeat these characteristics in future which have brought him praise and reward. Those actions which bring him blame are given up and unlearned. A person who continuously become unsuccessful in an interview also develops negative self-image and inferiority complex.90005 90002 The development of self therefore depends on continuous learning unlearning and releasing. Through the process of adjustment and readjustment the individual’s self is socialised. 90005 90002 Some have tried to compare the process of socialization with the procedures by which many human beings using raw materials construct automobiles. Many human beings interacting with the raw organism, the human infant, turn him to a socialized personality. 90005 90002 Nevertheless personality is not a mechanical by product of the society.Socialization is never a passive process and no personality is a mechanical by product of the society. A number of automobiles of similar type are produced using raw materials. 90005 90002 But no two human personalities are equal. Every personality is unique by itself. Every in the same family two brothers may have totally different personalities. One brother may have a very high social status while the other may be a delinquent and disgrace to the society. 90005 90002 Since no two personalities in the world are identically equal it would be erroneous to compare living human infants with the raw materials of automobiles which are dead materials.90005 90002 When an infant undergoes the process of socialization he reacts in diverse ways. Sometimes he resists rules, regulations, traditions and customs of the society. At home, during training of feeding habits, there may be conflict between the child and the mother. 90005 90002 The child may resist to take certain types of good, to wear dresses of certain designs, he may like to go naked in summer, he may not like to follow certain traditions and customs which do not give him pleasure. 90005 90002 Sometimes a child may find it difficult to adjust with the demands and the needs of the society.He may find it difficult to control his emotions. If he is scolded by parents he is adviced to remain silent. He is not allowed to react. When he feels hungry he is not allowed to eat. He is allowed to eat only at a scheduled time and place. 90005 90002 Thus, the more rules and regulations he has to obey, the more disciplines, he has to follow, the more resistances are found. Since he has to meet a great deal of difficulty to conform to the expectations and norms of the groups he often resists conformity to social norms during infancy when it is mostly ‘id’.90005 90002 But gradually when the ego develops, training of socialisation becomes stronger than the resistances and when he accepts the social values ​​and norms as a matter of principle as his own values ​​rather through compulsion, the conflict in the process of socialization is reduced and the person is said to be socialized. 90005 90002 The individual and society mutually respond to the process of socialization. The society tries to mould the individual through its rules, regulations, traditions and customs and the individual while trying to belong to the group, sometimes tries to modify the social standard as far as practicable.90005 90002 A sense of belongingness helps one to feel secured and satisfied. Thus the process of socialisation helps one to develop a normal personality. One who is properly socialized, when he becomes a parent he undertakes the responsibility of socializing his own children and at this time, his attitude towards the prevalent social norms undergoes tremendous change. 90005 90002 With the change in the socio-cultural values ​​and spirit of time, there is always a continuous change in the rules, regulations, standards, customs and traditions of the society.As a result, there is change in the socialisation of the human personality. 90005 90002 The socialization process is therefore never rigid but dynamic. It varies and changes from time to time and generation to generation. The parents, teachers and individuals have to adjust with the changing social customs and values ​​and socialize their children accordingly. 90005 90002 They have to develop proper social attitudes and behaviours appropriate to his particular society. Otherwise there will be conflict due to generation gap.The child must behave in such a way which is approved by the group or society. Since the aim of socialization is to induce the individual to conform willingly to the ways of the society and the groups to which he belongs, parents and teachers should see that his personality is built up accordingly. 90005 90002 Otherwise in future there may be tremendous adjustment problems. Since socialization is a dynamic process a person who rigidly conforms to the rules and regulations of the society is not an ideal product of socialization.90005 90002 A properly socialized person should be flexible and dynamic in approach to conform to the changing social standards of the society and culture. A person who is unable to adjust with this is therefore said to be unsocial or a social. 90005 90002 As previously indicated, the socialization practices change constantly. Social class has also an important role to play in this regard. Middle class mothers in comparison to working class mothers are more permissive towards the child’s expressed needs and wishes, are more equalitarian in their handling of the child and are less likely to use physical punishment.90005 90002 Early learning experiences have a lasting impact on personality and socialization. In various studies of socialization process child psychologists have tried to investigate the effects of infant disciplines, child care programmes and post childhood discontinuities on adult personality. They have found that during the early years the parental influences on child is maximum and have powerful impact on socialization. 90005 90002 But during the later stage to reshape the unsatisfactory and socially inappropriate behaviours found in many adolescents, application of desocialization and resocialization processes are found essential.90005 90002 Desocialization attempts to remove the previous attitudes and habits which are not conducive to proper socialization. Many had habits, antisocial and irresponsible, socially unacceptable behaviours can be reduced by this technique. 90005 90002 Resocialization on the other hand is a process by which the group induces a person to adopt one set of behaviour standards as a substitute for another. Sometimes after desocialization resocialization may be a necessary consequence. While removing the old values ​​new values ​​are to be substituted in their place.90005.90000 Stages of socialization of the person 90001
90002 Stages of socialization of the person 90003
Such a long, non-linear process, long in time and in the space of human existence, as socialization, has a certain, albeit conditional, stage, caused by the correlation of the anatomical and physiological and mental development of a person, the specificity of the social situation and holistic being in different periods of life. In psychology and sociology, there are different approaches to distinguishing the stages of socialization, built on a variety of and dissimilar grounds.90004 • The psychoanalytic concept links the stages of socialization with the manifestation of biological impulses, all-powerful instincts and the corresponding subconscious motives. Thus, Freud believed that the main personal characteristics are formed in the first five years of the child’s life at the stage of primary socialization, which is divided into the oral, anal, phallic stages (for details, see Section III). 90005
90004 It should be noted that such an approach to the processes of socialization (incidentally, widespread in the literature) seems artificial and impoverishes this objective, complex phenomenon and scientific concept to the level of the known dogmas (and simplifications) of initial psychoanalysis that are not accepted by all psychological directions and scientific schools.The basic postulates of Freudianism are in fact ideological, indirectly projecting the corresponding outlook of their adherents, but lacking reliable empirical, factual, and scientific proof. 90005
90004 The next stage of socialization, distinguished by roughly generalized «periods» mental development as the 90009 socialization of adolescents 90010, is called 90011 marginal socialization 90012 (as well as intermediate, or pseudo-stable). This transitional, turning age (from childhood to adulthood) is associated mainly with the development of self-knowledge and self-assertion of the individual, her emphatic desire for group identity (see Chapter 22).90005
90004 Sustainable socialization refers to an abstract adult personality and coincides with the acquisition of a certain status and the fulfillment of a wide range of social responsibilities, interpersonal roles. This stage is associated with a relatively stable, subjectively accepted position of a person in society. It indicates a sufficient socio-psychological adaptation of the individual, the recognition of his own social identity. 90005
90004 Finally, the last stage of socialization is associated with the loss of habitual status, the loss of a number of roles due to a person’s retirement.During this period, the person, as a rule, is experiencing a difficult social situation, as if disadapted. Negative experiences can be caused by the loss of close people, and the irreversible aging of the body. Often the feeling of loneliness and subjective uselessness is actualized. But such personal experiences can be completely compensated by finding new joys and senses of life, finding their usefulness and social necessity (see Chapter 37). 90005
90004 We note that the selection and the brief description of these generalized stages of socialization is extremely schematic, strictly indicative, since the corresponding theories and developments in the classical sphere of child and age psychology contain an incomparably deeper, more diverse and substantial psychological and socio -psychological material (see Section III).90005
90004 • Many authors (P. Berger, T. Lukman, A. A. Rean) distinguish 90011 primary 90012 and 90011 secondary socialization 90012. If in the first person a generalized image of the world is formed, then in the secondary socialization there is a personal distribution of knowledge in accordance with the division of labor and social roles. 90005
90004 It should be noted a considerable convention of using the categories «primary-secondary» in such a gradation of the types of socialization of the individual.These terms do not in fact mean either the temporal sequence of the stages of socialization or their significance for the formation and development of the individual. The processes of socialization proceed only in a simultaneous unity, comparison and subjective generalization. 90005
90004 • One of the most common approaches to the interpretation and study of socialization is A. Bandura’s concept of social learning, realized through socially reinforced playing (his own behavioral experience) and by observation (meaningful assimilation).90005
90004 • In accordance with the methodology of domestic social psychology there is a widespread opinion that the socialization of the individual is carried out primarily in the course of work. That is why the three main stages of the socialization of the individual are accepted: pre-labor, labor and post-labor (GM Andreev). 90005
90004 90011 The labor stage 90012 covers a long period of a person’s life before the beginning of his labor activity and is divided into two relatively independent stages: 90005
90004 1) 90009 early socialization, 90010 lasting from the birth of a child before entering the school; 90005
90004 2) 90009 the stage of socialization in the learning process, 90010 including the period of adolescence and youth (although the educational process can also take place in adulthood).To this stage is primarily 90009 schooling. 90010 90005
90004 Concerning 90009 teaching in secondary and higher educational institutions 90010 the opinions of the researchers diverge, because the general and vocational education already in its purpose differently correlate with the subsequent independent work of students. Yes, and the profile of the university or college can (and should) vary significantly in the ratio of the actual educational and upcoming production activities of students in them.Educational socialization of future philosophers, for example, is different than socialization in the formation of the future physical education teacher. At the same time, a whole system of urgent problems of sociology, economics, social pedagogy, and pedagogical psychology is actualized. The theoretical problems of socialization are addressed in related and more specific issues of the content and organization of the educational process (see Chapter 38). 90005
90004 90011 The labor stage 90012 of socialization is carried out in the long period of a man’s maturity and his labor activity.Recognition of the leading importance of labor activity for the existence and development of personality attaches special importance to this stage. During this period, all aspects and spheres of socialization are fruitfully realized. 90005
90004 The initial provisions of the philosophy of Marxism on the leading role of labor in the origin of the family, private property and the state, probably, should be mechanically transferred to the level of a concrete person and thereby simplify the interpretation and understanding of the individual psyche.Man exists on the planet not only for the sake of teaching or labor, which are only means and necessary conditions for social existence. Hence, the processes of socialization of the individual are not exhausted by its formation (training) and the production of the product (labor). In addition, the phenomenon of labor itself is much wider than what is called in the domestic psychology «a separate labor activity» (see Chapter 7). Human labor is always socially distributed, but not always really joint.For example, an artist, a scientist, a writer does not go to work for real (contact) labor collective every day, but their labor socialization does not disappear or cease. Therefore, the formal exit of the adult personality from the socially organized, standardized production of any product (material or spiritual) does not mean the completion of labor processes in the life and being of man. The processes of socialization of personality do not stop. 90005
90004 As for the 90011 post-labor stage 90012, its selection does not always lead to correct and substantive discussions.Increased attention to this issue is due to the fact that in developed countries of the modern world life expectancy increases, which leads to an increase in the proportion of older people in the population structure. In addition, the labor potential of the persons who form the official group of retirees by age is also substantially preserved. 90005
90004 90011 Socialization in old age. 90012 There are two points of view on the problem of socialization of the individual in 90005.90000 Importance of Social Psychology — Significance 90001

90002 Social Psychology is a scientific study of human behavior in society. It studies human behavior in groups and that how human behavior is influenced by others. It attempts to understand the socio-psychological causes and motives of human behavior in groups. Social Psychology has a very wide significance in the modern world. The importance of Social psychology is divided into following spheres: 90003
90004
90005 Social Psychology and Mental Health 90006
90005 Social Psychology and Business 90006
90005 Social Psychology and Industry 90006
90005 Social Psychology and Education 90006
90005 Social Psychology and Military 90006
90005 Socialization and Personality Development 90006
90005 Social Psychology as a source of Knowledge 90006
90019

90020
90021 Social Psychology and Mental Health 90022
90002 Mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, stress, phobia, schizophrenia, psychosis, and personality disorders are the growing problems of modern world.Most of the mental health problems have socio-psychological causes such as loss of job, death of loved ones, marriage adjustment issues, burden of work, weak family bonds, stressful relationship, break-ups, working in a stressful environment and unexpected social changes . Such social circumstances become cause of criminal behavior, mental retardation, emotional disturbance, drug abuse and long-term impacts on physical health. 90003
90002 Social Psychology plays a significant role addressing the mental health issues.Social Psychology is concerned with diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. Social Psychologists are specialized in exploring the socio-psychological causes of mental illnesses and remedying them using the psychological practices. In some countries, Social Psychologists are licensed to treat patients with mental health issues independently. In many other countries, the Social Psychologists work together with Psychiatrists and Social Workers for the treatment of mental illnesses. 90003
90027
90021 Social Psychology and Business 90022
90002 Business is crucial to country’s economy as it provides goods, services and jobs opportunities to the citizens.Social Psychology plays a prominent role in business sector. Nowadays, business uses psychological techniques for boosting the production and sale of goods. The television advertisements for products are made on the basis of social psychological techniques of marketing. These advertisements are made to change the attitude of people towards the product in the desired way. Attitude change is a part of subject matter of Social Psychology that guides how to change the attitude of others towards something positively 90031 e.g. by presenting products in advertisement in a way to fascinate the viewers. 90032 90003
90002 Surveys are conducted by the business to understand socio-psychological orientation of people towards products and services. These considerations are taken into account for making products in future, 90031 e.g. colours, flavors, characteristics, features, cost, durability, and other considerations which attract the people. 90032 Similarly, attractive names, labels, titles and logos are used to enhance the sale of products.90003
90002 Customer service is a key contributor in the success of a business. It helps in building a good relationship with the customer. It adds to customer satisfaction. The representatives of customer services are trained to acquire good social skills to build relationships and convince customer psychologically. 90003
90040
90021 Social Psychology and Education 90022
90002 Social Psychology has an important role in the educational sector. It helps in improvement of teaching techniques, learning practices, intelligence level and cognition skills of students, motivation of students, and student-teacher relationship.90003
90002 Poor academic performance of students is mostly due to socio-psychological issues. Restrictive environment, lack of encouragements, punishments, overburden of studies, fear of failure in exam and harsh treatment destroy the student’s creativity. Social Psychology point outs the shortcomings in educational environment in schools, colleges and university in order to make the environment conducive for learning. It devises techniques for effective learning. It guides you how to cope with stress related to studies such as exam stress.It guides about the methods of teaching according to psyche and mental-level of learners so that they can learn effectively. 90003
90047
90021 Social Psychology and Industry 90022
90002 Industrialization strengthens country’s economy and lead to national development. Social Psychology has a wide applicability in the industrial sector. Good working environment and working relations among the employees in an industry enhances it productivity and effectiveness. The stakeholders of industries are trained by Social Psychologists to create a suitable working environment and working relations among the employees in industries.90003
90002 Motivation is another important factor in the productivity of employees. Motivation is an important part of subject matter of Social Psychology. The psychological techniques are designed to keep the employees motivated towards their work and to refine teamwork practices in industrial sector. 90003
90054
90021 Social Psychology and Military 90022
90002 Social Psychology has a prominent role in military organizations. The soldiers are trained physically as well as psychologically to cope with difficult situations courageously.The psychological techniques are used train the soldiers to become fearless strugglers and determined to their aim. The soldiers have to come across various situations in life such as wars, disasters, harsh environmental conditions and so on. The soldiers are trained to have an emotionally balanced personality to deal with such situations bravely. 90003
90002 The selection of candidates for Military involves specific psychological tests. The purpose of the psychological evaluation is to ensure that the candidate must have the psychological attributes required for the delivery of their services.90003
90061
90021 Socialization and Personality Development 90022
90002 Children are the future of a nation. The children should grow in adults having healthy personality so that they can contribute to the development and prosperity of their nation. The parents should raise their children with care and attention. Shortcomings in upbringing of children can lead to serious personality disorders in children 90031 such as sense of deprivation, inexpressiveness, shyness, mental retardation, fears, emotional disturbances and so on.90032 These shortcomings are mostly due to socio-psychological causes within the family, 90031 such as quarreling parents, ignoring children, harsh treatment towards children, discouraging environment etc. 90032 90003
90002 Social Psychology provides guidelines for proper socialization of kids. Considering these guidelines, parents can help their children develop a healthy personality. Social Psychology points out all the problems that leads to wrong socialization of children as well as suggest the considerations for a healthy socialization of children so that they can achieve their full potential and perform well.90003
90072
90021 Social Psychology as a source of Knowledge 90022
90002 Social Psychology has wide subject-matter. Apart from its practical applicability, the Social Psychology also serves as huge source of useful Knowledge. The subject matter of Social Psychology encompasses all those areas of knowledge which are useful for researchers, development community and scholars. These areas include perception, cognition, behavior, motivation, leadership, attitude, group dynamics, social interactions, skills of socialization and personality development and so on.Research is a hallmark of social psychology which is undertaken to generate reliable and updated knowledge. The generated knowledge offers a theory for understanding many psychological trends and resolving the psychological issues. Its theory also helps other disciplines in explaining various phenomena 90031 such as Sociology, Law, Political Science and other social sciences. 90032 90003

.90000 Associate’s in Psychology | All Psychology Schools 90001

90002

90003 About the Associate’s in Psychology 90004

90005 Degree Type: 90006

90007 90008 Associate of Arts or Associate of Science 90009 90010

90005 Location: 90006

90007 90008 Online, classroom, and hybrid 90009 90010

90005 Duration: 90006

90007 90008 Usually 2 years 90009 90010

90005 Total Credits: 90006

90007 90008 Minimum of 60 90009 90010

90005 Aid Eligible: 90006

90007 90008 Yes, for accredited programs 90009 90010

90007 Earning an associate’s degree in psychology can be a gateway to beginning your career in the field.While most psychology roles require advanced degrees, there are still entry-level positions that are often open to those who have their associate’s degrees. What’s more, 90008 this degree can be a starting point to further education, ultimately saving you both time and money 90009. 90010

90007 How do you pursue this degree and what can do once you graduate? Use the guide below to get answers to all these questions and more. 90010

90041 What Is an Associate’s Degree in Psychology? 90042

90043

90007 Associate’s degrees are entry-level degrees.Those with a desire to help others overcome personal and professional challenges may find themselves drawn to a psychology degree. 90008 These programs teach students how to evaluate and create treatment plans for those dealing with issues such as family problems, substance abuse, stress, depression, and much more. 90009 With higher degrees, you’ll also focus on conducting research to advance the understanding of human behavior in the field. 90010

90007 Though they may have similarities, an associate’s in psychology is different from the degrees for fields such as social work, human services, and other related areas.Each field has its own distinct focus and methodology. For instance, students in social work will study how to identify the programs and services that individuals need, while a psychology degree teaches you to act as one of those specific services. 90010

90003 Are AA and AS degrees in psychology different? 90004

90007 At most schools, fields considered to be a social science-for example, psychology, sociology, and history-fall under the Associate of Arts (AA) degree. However, you may also find programs that offer a psychology degree as an Associate of Science (AS).90010

90007 90008 In most cases, an AS and AA degree in psychology will have little to no difference between them. 90009 Their titles most frequently come down to the division of the school in which the program best fits and the general education classes you’ll take. 90010

90003 Who are psychology associate’s degrees intended for? 90004

90007 Associate’s degrees in psychology can be designed for those who wish to the work the most entry-level roles in the field. However, most often, 90008 psychology students use these degrees to help save them time and money when they pursue a higher degree later on 90009.90010

90041 Careers with an Associate’s in Psychology 90042

90007 Though psychology career options are somewhat limited with an associate’s degree, there are a handful of job opportunities to consider. 90010

90068

90003 Correctional officer 90004

90007 Correctional officers work directly with prison inmates and have responsibilities that include supervising activities, overseeing rehab efforts, and providing counseling. They might also make recommendations for changes to facilities or activities that may impact the psychological health of the inmates.90010

90005 Salary 90006

90007 According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 90008 correctional officers earn an average annual wage of $ 47,600 90009. 90010

90005 Other requirements 90006

90007 Though each state and agency has its own requirements, correctional officers typically attend a training academy and also undergo on-the-job training. 90010

90068

90003 Home care aide 90004

90007 Home health and personal care aides assist clients who have disabilities, chronic illnesses, or mental impairment.In the patient’s own home, they help with daily activities such as eating, getting dressed, taking care of household duties, and delivering medication. Job opportunities for the position are rapidly growing, as the BLS projects an employment increase of 41% through 2026. 90010

90005 Salary 90006

90007 Though the career can be incredibly rewarding, you should not expect to earn much as a home health aide. 90008 The BLS reports an average salary of $ 24,280 per year 90009 90008. 90009 90010

90005 Other requirements 90006

90007 Requirements typically involve some sort of on-the-job training.90010

90068

90003 Human service or social work assistant 90004

90007 While an associate’s degree does not let you serve on your own as a social or human services worker, it’s possible to find a role as an assistant. In this position, you might help organize cases, coordinate service plans, interview clients, file reports, and help others understand the resources that are available to them. 90010

90005 Salary 90006

90007 90008 The BLS lists the average salary for these assistants to be $ 35,460 per year 90009 90008.90009 90010

90005 Other requirements 90006

90007 On-the-job training is usually required. 90010

90068

90003 Psychiatric nursing aides 90004

90007 Like home health aides, psychiatric aides help patients with mental or developmental disabilities with their daily duties but do so in a healthcare setting such as psychiatric hospital or mental health facility. 90010

90005 Salary 90006

90007 90008 Psychiatric aides earn an average annual salary of $ 29,330 90009, according to the BLS.90010

90005 Other requirements 90006

90007 Expect to undergo short-term on-the-job training. 90010

90068

90003 Psychiatric technician 90004

90007 Psychiatric technicians work in the same settings as psychiatric aides but instead of helping with daily duties, they provide therapeutic treatment and monitor their patients ‘conditions. 90010

90005 Salary 90006

90007 90008 The BLS lists the average annual salary for a psychiatric technician as $ 36,070. 90009 90010

90005 Other requirements 90006

90007 While a psychiatric technician will also undergo some sort of on-the-job training, they typically also need to gain certification through the American Association of Psychiatric Technicians.There are various certification levels depending on your education. 90010

90068

90041 Typical Degree & Career Paths in Psychology 90042

90007 Though you can get your start in the psychology field with an associate’s degree, most professionals eventually pursue advanced education. 90008 Higher degrees, particularly doctorates, can prepare you for roles such as a clinical, educational, and forensic psychologist. 90009 You could also go on to become a psychology professor or researcher.90010

90003 Can I apply associate’s degree credits toward a bachelor’s degree? 90004

90007 Usually, yes. 90008 If you hold an associate’s degree in psychology, many programs will allow you to transfer those credits over to earning your bachelor’s. 90009 This could mean completing your bachelor’s degree in as little as 1 + 1 / 2-2 years. However, there may be a time limit on how long you can wait to begin a bachelor’s degree program and still get credit for your associate’s classes. 90010

90041 Academic Requirements Before Starting an Associate’s in Psychology 90042

90007 You’ll need a high school diploma or GED before you can pursue an associate’s degree in psychology.90010

90003 Is there a GPA requirement? 90004

90007 90008 Most community colleges do not require a certain GPA for admission 90009, however some might if they consider their psychology program selective. 90010

90003 Do you need to take the SAT or ACT? 90004

90007 Most community colleges have open enrollment, meaning 90008 anyone with a high school diploma or GED is eligible to attend. 90009 However, some have a more selective admission process and require certain scores on the SAT or ACT.90010

90007 Even if your program does not require these exams, it’s likely that you’ll still need to take a placement test to determine if remedial or developmental coursework is necessary. If you’ve taken the SAT or ACT, those scores might be able to take the place of the other exam. 90010

90041 How Long Does It Take to Get an Associate’s Degree? 90042

90007 Associate’s degrees typically take 2 years to complete. 90010

90041 The Associate’s in Psychology Curriculum 90042

90007 The curriculum you can expect will vary depending on your program, however general education is outlined in more detail below.90010

90003 What core classes are involved? 90004

90007 90008 Expect to take introductory courses that cover topics such as human development, psychological research, abnormal psychology, biology, and social problems. 90009 You’ll likely also be required to take additional classes such as English, history, philosophy, and math. 90010

90003 Number of course credits 90004

90007 90008 Schools generally require around 60 credits to earn an associate’s degree. 90009 Some students, especially those who will not be attending on a full-time basis, may evaluate schools on a cost-per-credit basis.90010

90003 Can you specialize in an area of ​​interest? 90004

90007 90008 You will not specialize in a particular concentration with an associate’s degree in psychology. 90009 If you’d like to specialize and advance your career, you can pursue a higher degree, take additional classes, seek certification, or attend seminars dedicated to your chosen topic. 90010

90041 Is an Internship Required for an Associate’s Degree? 90042

90007 Internships are not required to earn an associate’s degree in psychology, however they may be beneficial to advancing your career.They could also help you gain entry into a program to earn an advanced degree. 90010

90041 Can You Get an Online Psychology Degree? 90042

90007 Yes, there are many options for earning your associate’s in psychology online. 90010

90003 Online 90004

90007 90008 You can easily find programs that allow you to earn your associate’s degree completely online. 90009 These cover the same curriculum as on-site courses, offer flexibility to those who are working or taking care of children, and typically lead to the same kind of job opportunities after graduation.90010

90007 You can find online programs that require you to participate in classes at a certain time or at your own convenience. As for tuition, online classes will likely cost the same as a traditional program, but may eliminate peripheral costs such as for transportation, childcare, or meal plans. 90010

90003 Classroom 90004

90007 Students who want a more traditional college experience can find plenty of programs that allow them to take all of their classes on campus. 90008 There’s still flexibility here, however, as many schools offer courses at night and on the weekends.90009 90010

90003 Hybrid 90004

90007 An increasingly popular option for degrees of all levels is the hybrid program. 90008 This blends a mix of online and on-campus courses. 90009 You may take most of your classes online and go to campus just 1 or 2 times a week. 90010

90003 Accelerated 90004

90007 90008 By joining an online program that allows you to take classes at your convenience, you may be able to advance your pace and earn your degree earlier. 90009 Many states also have programs that allow high school juniors and seniors to attend community college classes, earn credits, and apply them to their associate’s degrees later.90010

90041 How to Pick a Degree Program 90042

90007 When researching programs, consider what aspects are the most important to you. 90008 These might include cost, admission requirements, curriculum, and flexibility. 90009 Ask yourself questions such as: 90010

90244 90245 Does this program offer the types of classes I’m interested in? 90246 90245 Does the school offer part-time programs? 90246 90245 Can I take classes online, at night, or on the weekends? 90246 90245 What financial aid is available? 90246 90245 Does the school offer job placement services? 90246 90255

90007 90008 It’s also important to remember that the school you choose should be accredited 90009.This makes certain that the program meets quality standards and can properly prepare you to enter the workforce. You can check accreditation through the U.S. Department of Education database. 90010

90041 Financial Aid for Psychology Students 90042

90007 There are several different types of financial aid available for students seeking an associate’s degree. 90008 The first step is to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) 90009, which determines how much assistance the U.S. government thinks you’re eligible to receive. This can come in the form of loans, grants, or work-study stipends. You can also apply for private loans through banks and other institutions. 90010

90007 You may also qualify to receive scholarships or grants based on academic merit or other criteria. These might be available to all types of students, or you might find ones designed for particular people based on things such as ethnicity, background, military service, and more. 90010

90041 Does Psychology Qualify for Student Loan Forgiveness? 90042

90007 90008 It’s possible to find loan forgiveness through the government’s Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program 90009, though you must meet certain criteria.These include having direct loans and securing full-time employment at a government or nonprofit agency. You may also qualify for state-sponsored forgiveness programs that have their own criteria for employment and more. 90010

90041 Professional Organizations for Psychology 90042

90007 Becoming a member of a professional organization can provide great opportunities to network, gain new education, and obtain certification. Some prominent groups for those with associate’s degrees include: 90010

90244 90245 90008 The American Psychological Association (APA) 90009 90008: 90009 As the largest organization of psychologists in America, the APA provides professional development opportunities, publishes educational magazines and journals, and offers chances to attend conferences and other events.90246 90245 90008 The American Educational Research Association (AERA) 90009 90008: 90009 The AERA is dedicated to advancing knowledge about educational research and evidence-based policies, while strengthening the communication between researchers and policymakers. They offer access to professional advancement, cutting-edge research, and special events. 90246 90245 90008 The Association for Psychological Science (APS) 90009 90008: 90009 The APS fosters the advancement of scientific psychology across multiple disciplines and geographic borders.They advocate for the increased use of psychological science in public policy and provide members with the latest research through journals and conventions. 90246 90255
.